The Goal of the Army Family Team Building Program Is to Assist Family Members of Soldiers by

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Introduction

Armed services system depends on several factors, from current and futurity threats and challenges (the nature of the projected theater of operations, or TO), to the state's economic and technological capabilities. The doctrines of the two world superpowers of the 2d half of the 20th century (USSR and United states of america) assumed that large combined artillery forces would acquit operations with massive support by arms and aviation nether atmospheric condition of nuclear war, in a multi-theater setting, including the wide-ranging European TO. But the experience of actual wars, including the Vietnam one for the US and Afghan ane for the USSR showed that the current express local and regional conflicts are decided past well-equipped mobile formations. Both countries researched the optimum organizational structure and methods of waging war for such operations.

Another outcome determining the development of armed forces thought was the break-up of USSR. Massed nuclear strikes were no longer on the calendar. Military planning shifted from operations by field armies and larger formations toward highly mobile and well-equipped tactical task forces and combat teams up to brigade level.

By the end of the 2000'due south, leading powers again changed their assessment of threats and challenges. This was due to the changes in global economy as well as social and ideological processes. Neither the United states nor Russia were satisfied with the world situation. 1 felt the sense of losing an opportunity to establish oneself as the global hegemon, while the other sought to re-plant the condition of a, at minimum, regional ability. Economic motives played a key part in both cases. The powers increasingly acted through war machine confrontations. The risk of a global or a number of regional conflicts increased. Armed forces required adaptation to the new reality.

This is the context in which we briefly evaluate the organizational and staff structure of Us and Russian armies, their missions and tasks, and development prospects.

United States

From the perspective of US military and political leadership, the post-USSR international environment and the associated changes in the methods of warfare demanded loftier-readiness Army units. Army divisions of the late 1990s represented a collection of battalions and brigade HQs. The divisional commander formed brigade out of several battalions and an already deployed brigade HQ. This fabricated it hard to coalesce these advertising-hoc brigades, undermined their ability to carry democratic operations, and complicated articulation action among brigade'due south subunits. The decreased mobility and lavish equipment levels made it difficult to deploy divisions to overseas theaters of operations. Such units did not stand for to gimmicky rapid reaction requirements, or the demand for units capable of operating finer in combat and not-combat ("operations other than war") roles. The new requirements toward the US Army, peculiarly relevant during the opening phases of operations, demanded reforms in order to create a qualitatively new formation type capable of rapid deployment to theaters of operations.

Soldiers in Bull Troop, 1st Squadron, 2d Cavalry Regiment conduct a blank burn down lane during troop practise evaluations in the Grafenwoehr Preparation Area Feb. 18, 2018. The U.S. Regular army Combat Readiness Center is modernizing the Regular army Safety program to ensure that all Soldiers are safe during preparation and in carrying out their duties. (Photograph Credit: U.South. Army photo past Staff Sgt. Jennifer Bunn)

The US Army launched a large-scale re-organisation in 2003 in order to transition to a brigade structure. Results included new corps and bounded command structures with a novel organizational structure.

Every bit far as divisions are concerned, they are currently modular. The division maintains the office of HQ over a number of wholly autonomous brigades. Brigade Combat Teams (BCTs) may exist sent at any moment and in desired quantity to whatever corner of the world under the command of a bounded HQ  or theater-level control structures. US Army divisions may be divided into two types—combined arms (infantry, cavalry, armored) and special (mount, airborne, airmobile). Overall there are 11 divisions, not counting the U.s.a. Army National Baby-sit.

Brigades, consisting of a number of assets, became the key building blocks of land forces. They were subordinated to bounded, corps, or theater HQs, acting as a component of joint forces formed to satisfy the needs of the local commander. Such brigades are capable of rapid deployment and timely reaction to changes in situation.

Organizational and staff construction of Brigade Gainsay Teams

The U.s.a. Regular army includes iii brigade types: the Infantry Brigade Combat Team (IBCT), Stryker Brigade Combat Team (SBCT), and Armored Brigade Combat Team (ABCT).

The mission of the IBCT is to disrupt or destroy enemy armed forces forces, control land areas including populations and resources and be prepared to conduct combat operations to protect Usa national interests. It is intended for operations in urban or densely populated areas where heavier equipment is inappropriate, equally part of aerial or amphibious assault operations, and as a enveloping/raiding force. IBCT consists of 7 battalions: iii infantry, reconnaissance, combat service support, combat engineer, and artillery, and totals 4413 soldiers. Each IBCT can perform assault operations and is officially designed equally attack-landing. Most of its soldiers are mounted on Humvees. The weight and size of IBCT equipment let transport using all types of transport aircraft, ensuring very high strategic mobility. IBCT's main firepower consists of six towed M777 155mm howitzers, 12 towed M119 105mm howitzers, 48 mortars of various calibers, 36 self-propelled TOW-2 ATGMs, and 100 portable Javelin ATGMs.

U.S. Army soldiers of 141st Infantry Battalion, 3rd Infantry Brigade Combat Team, 1st Armored Division, Bulldogs, out of Fort Bliss, fire at the enemy as function of a training mission at the National Training Centre, Fort Irwin, Calif., on June 19, 2011.

Organizational and staff structure of SBCT

The SBCT is a medium mechanized brigade intended for both offensive and defensive operations in various terrain types. This BCT is normally used in fluid maneuver environments in certain terrain types (urban, mount), and to defend important sectors.

SBCT consists of 7 battalions: 3 infantry, reconnaissance, combat service back up, combat engineer, artillery, and totals 4500 soldiers. Since 2015 the anti-tank bombardment was transferred from gainsay engineer to reconnaissance battalion in order to form a fire support company there.

SBCT firepower includes 77 M1138 wheeled assault guns/tank destroyers with 105mm cannon, 36 M1129 SP 120mm mortars, nine M1134 SP TOW-2 ATGMs, 121 portable Javelin ATGMs, and 18 M777 towed 155mm howitzers.

Soldiers from the 18th Engineer Co. 3rd Brigade, 2nd Infantry Division, Stryker Brigade Gainsay Team, ready their 19 ton Engineer Squad Vehicles prior to moving into the "box" at the National Training Heart.

Organizational and staff structure of ABCT

The ABCT represents the mainstay of US Army heavy forces. It is the main tactical shock-action unit intended for operations in tank-friendly terrain, launching counterattacks, breaking enemy defenses, and inflicting maximum damage on the enemy. Possessing great striking power and survivability, ABCTs form the core of the land force component in strategic theaters and, as a rule, are deployed in their entirety on gainsay missions.

ABCT consists of 7 battalions: iii mechanized (combined artillery), reconnaissance, arms, gainsay engineer, and combat service support, totaling 4743 soldiers. Since 2013, the 3 combined arms battalions became two tank (two tank and one mechanized company) and one mechanized (one tank, 2 mechanized companies). Information technology meant the emptying of 2 mechanized companies, while a tank company was reassigned to the reconnaissance battalion.

ABCT firepower consists of 87 Abrams MBTs, eighteen M109 155 SP howitzers, 18 120mm SP mortars, and 84 portable Javelin ATGMs.

Support Brigades

Modularity is too skillful in support brigades. The Modular Support Brigades come up in 5 varieties: regular army aviation, artillery, reconnaissance, mixed (gainsay engineers, signals, armed forces police, NBC defense), and supply. In earlier times arms and gainsay service support existed only at partition level, while brigades were assigned subunits past the divisional commander depending on the mission and situation. BCTs may be supported by the post-obit units, depending on the mission and higher commander'south decisions.

Combat Aviation Brigades include UAVs, heavy and medium transport helicopters (Chinook and Blackhawk), attack helicopters (Apache), medevac helicopters. Such brigades are straight subordinated to bounded HQ.

Field Arms Brigades (Fires Brigades until 2014) are equipped with M270 MLRS and HIMARS multiple rocket launchers. They likewise conduct information operations and have non-lethal capabilities.

Patriot

Air Defense force Brigades possess Patriot and THAAD anti-air and anti-missile batteries. They were taken away from divisions every bit function of air defense reorganization. Nine out of ten US Army air defense battalions and two out of eight National Baby-sit air defense battalions have been deactivated. The Us Ground forces has realized the need to re-constitute a viable short-range air defense force (SHORAD) adequacy, largely from lessons learned in Ukraine and Syria. National Guard units still utilize the Avenger AN/TWQ-1 short-range air defense system, and the US Army is currently updating and deploying the Avenger. The 678^th Air Defence force Artillery Brigade, a National Baby-sit unit, was deployed to Europe concluding yr, the first such deployment since the end of the Common cold War.

THAAD

Maneuver Enhancement Brigades are used on those operational theaters where combat and support units are used in limited quantities, where an entire back up brigade would be superfluous.

Sustainment Brigades provide logistical support of units to a higher place brigade-level. They consist of 2 battalions: special troops (battalion HQ and signals company), and gainsay service support (battalion HQ, technical servicing company, ship company, dispatcher group, quartermaster company).

Battlefield Surveillance Brigades are equipped with UAVs and deploy surveillance detachments.

In addition, in that location as well exist Security Forcefulness Assist Brigades, which train allied armed services. While such brigades exercise not directly participate in combat, 500 SFAB troops save 4500 BCT troops from having to serve on preparation missions. By Oct 2017, the commencement of six planned SFABs was established at Ft. Benning.

As of September 2018, US Army had 31 brigades, including xiii IBCT (v airborne, 3 air assault), 11 ABCT, and 7 SBCT.

Regular army National Baby-sit has 27 BCT, including five ABCT, 12 IBCT, and 2 SBCT. Altogether the US Army has 58 BCT.

In society to visualize the capabilities of a division, we will consider a few cases.

Organizational and staff structure of 1^st Armored Division, 1^st and 3^rd Infantry Divisions

The 1st Armored Division, as of 2016, consisted of a Headquarters and Headquarters company, Operations Visitor, Intelligence and Sustainment Company, Signal Visitor. Its combat power consists of 1 SBCT, 2 ABCT, Division Artillery, Combat aviation Brigade, supported by a Sustainment Brigade.

The 1st Infantry Division, every bit of 2016, had similar organization, except that its gainsay units include only two ABCT.

The 3rd Infantry Division is similar, except for ii ABCT and 1 IBCT, supported by a Maneuver Enhancement Brigade.

When examining corps and army levels, i tin can discern the following:

I Corps is unique amidst active Ground forces corps in that it includes both regular and reserve forces stationed in 47 out of 50 U.s. states. Formally its forces include only the 7th ID.

III Corps includes the 1st Cavalry, 1st Armored, 1st Infantry and fourth Infantry divisions, in addition to back up units.

XVIII Airborne Corps consists of third Infantry, 10th Infantry (Mount), 82nd Airborne and 101st Air Assault Divisions

Regional commands deserve a split up mention.

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US EUCOM's Army units are subordinates to U.s. Army Europe (USAREUR). Its forces include 2nd Armored Cavalry Regiment (SBCT organization) in germany, and the 173rd IBCT (Airborne) in Italy. It is headquartered at the Lucius D. Clay Kaserne in Wiesbaden, Germany.

USINDPACOM (Pacific and Indian Ocean area). Its army units are subordinated to USARPAC. Organizationally information technology consists of the 8th Army, which in turn controls the 2nd Infantry and 25th Infantry divisions, with most of the latter based in Hawaii and Alaska. Its HQ is at Ft. Shafter, Hawaii.

USAFRICOM. Its Army units are subordinated to USARAF, and include the 2nd ABCT. It is headquarted at Caserma Ederle in Vicenza, Italian republic.

USCENTCOM does non accept permanently assigned Army forces.

USARCENT (the sometime tertiary Regular army) controls foreign bases in Kuwait, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and various support units. Its HQ is at the Shaw Air Forcefulness Base, Due south Carolina.

USNORTHCOM has no permanently assigned Ground forces units.

USARNORTH (sometime 5th Army) controls the 263rd Air and Missile Defense Command

USSOUTHCOM has no permanently assigned Army units.

USARSOUTH (former 6th Army) includes the 193rd Infantry Brigade, 476th Military Intelligence Brigade, and various support units. Its HQ is at Ft. Sam Houston, TX.

US Army also has Functional Combatant Commands, including the USCYBERCOM, USSTRATCOM, USTRANSCOM, USSPACECOM, and USSOCOM. They practise not have permanently assigned Army units, but attached ones equally required and assigned by higher HQs.

Special Characteristics and Evolution Prospects

Unique organizational characteristics are readily evident. Each division has a unique structure. Nominally the US Army has just ane armored division, and the existing infantry divisions are de-facto combined arms (not fully infantry, only also not fully mechanized). Artillery does not exist equally a separate construction within the division. The bounded artillery headquarters trains and commands artillery units of assigned BCTs.

Inverse threat assessments by leading world powers led to a new round of confrontation and a heightened risk of a global or several regional conflicts. Therefore United states of america Army BCTs will class core of task forces with personnel strength of upwardly to 5000 troops. United states of america military machine specialists suggest 3 options.

The outset is an armored brigade, reinforced past 2 infantry battalions and a reconnaissance battalion.

The 2nd is a Stryker brigade reinforced by 2 heavy mechanized/tank battalions and a reconnaissance battalion.

The tertiary is a low-cal brigade, reinforced by two infantry battalions and a reconnaissance battalion.

Moreover, US Army BCTs will undertake a broader range of missions, including ones currently undertaken by special operations forces: raids, ambushes, mining of import facilities and avenues of approach, precision strikes, guiding precision-guided munitions to target.

Simultaneously the United states of america Army is reorganizing and expanding combat service support battalions, as part of try of reforming US Army logistics in order to ameliorate timely resupply prior to and during combat operations by shifting from mass delivery approach to a detailed distribution 1. In item, there is a trend of increasing the number of forwards support companies. It is they which facilitate the ability of BCTs to quickly enter combat afterwards deployment to a distant theater of operations without extensive logistical infrastructure. Attaching a forward logistical support company to each battalion makes information technology possible to create a flexible and scalable logistical network to ensure targeted logistical support.

Russian Federation

At present we will briefly evaluate Russian Federation Basis Forces, which experienced a more than complicated and tortuous path toward its optimum organization due to the Russian military leadership's arroyo to assessing military threats. If for the Soviet Army that threat was represented by NATO with its large combined arms forces, in the 1990s-2000s it was the struggle against international terrorism, and in 2010s the problem of confronting NATO and its mobile and well-equipped forces re-emerged.

Starting with the belatedly 1980s and until the early 2000s, near heavy forces were deactivated or turned into equipment storage bases for economic and political reasons. The changing geopolitical state of affairs and the experience of armed conflicts in various countries showed that in the absenteeism of a well armed and holding trained army it is impossible to defend national interests, specially economic ones, neither on the global nor on regional scale. Reorganizing the army was a particularly high priority after the fighting in Chechnya in 1994 and 1999, and once more during the war in South Ossetia in 2008. Information technology proved unexpected for Russian military machine leaders that a sectionalisation could at best deploy a reinforced battalion. Hasty assembly of several such divisions into more or less gainsay-capable formations revealed shortcomings in command and control, battle cohesion, organization of communications and logistics.

On the basis of such negative practical feel, Russian leadership decided to use the experience of foreign countries (specially USA) in order to form modern mobile Basis Forces. Brigade was chosen as the building block. The main argument in favor of shifting to a brigade structure was that it had smaller size, thus information technology was more flexible and mobile than a partition. Brigade construction was to endow the unabridged Russian army with loftier mobility and flexibility, respective to new security challenges.

In practice, the transition to the new structure suffered from the general situation plaguing the Russian Regular army of the early 2000'south, and was made more complicated by the civilian reformers running the Modernistic. A motorized rifle division would be reduced to a single motor-rifle regiment (two-3 battalions) plus reinforcements (tank, artillery, gainsay engineer, air defense, transport, and other subunits), the remainder being deactivated. In that location were fewer tank and motor rifle battalions, missions they were capable of fulfilling were more than small-scale. At that time it was probably the only way to preserve divisions, even in a reduced land. If one considers that the brigade was seen equally something intermediate betwixt regiment and brigade (bounded ability and regimental mobility), one has to admit the bodily effect was a failure. Many exercises showed that brigades did not absorb partition'due south power and did not have regiments' cohesion and mobility. If one is to compare the amount of assets entering into the straight contact with the enemy, the residue was not in favor of the brigade. Regiments and brigades had approximately the same number of tanks, APCs, and IFVs (more about that will be said below). Thus the brigade became a weak regiment reinforced with arms and other support units. Motor burglarize divisions would have three such regiments (two MRR, 1 tank), with the same number of support units.

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The worsening of the international situation and NATO'due south military activities near Russia'southward borders revealed problems in Russian federation's combined artillery formations and forced military machine leaders to act. This included acknowledging the fact that as of mid-2014, in that location was not a single combined arms formation located in the Russian provinces adjacent to the Donetsk and Lugansk provinces of Ukraine, capable of defending them from unexpected Ukrainian military machine operations. One the western threat was reassessed, due to the pro-Western Ukrainian regime and NATO concentration near Russian borders, Russian armed services decided in 2014-17 to reorganize the 20^thursday Army of the Western Doc and creating the 1^st Tank Army (Western Physician) and the eight^th Ground forces (Southern MD), whose core would consist of tank and motor-rifle divisions. The Western strategic direction is critically important to the Russia, as it includes 78% of the country's population, biggest cities, the main economic, industrial, and scientific potential.

Russian Army currently deploy forces on the territory of adjacent countries and also further abroad. When deploying military machine bases (MBs), the Russian military uses US experience. The bases in South Ossetia (4^th MB, 4000 troops), Abkhazia (7^th MB, 4000 troops), Armenia (102^nd MB, 5000 troops) have de-facto brigade structure. Their missions is to protect Russian interests in the region and prevent disharmonize. Due to the specifics and importance of that region, the 201^st MB in Tajikistan has had divisional structure since 2013. This is due to the unending disharmonize in Afghanistan and the vacuum of power after NATO'due south retreat. The base of operations has the mission of protecting the independence and constitutional order of the Commonwealth of Tajikistan, as well equally ensuring the stability of political and armed forces situation.

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To get more detailed understanding of Russian Ground Forces combined arms formations, 1 should examine the entire structure from the army to sectionalization/brigade/regiment level. The following are the data for 2015-17.

As an case, we will examine the xx^thursday Guards Army of the Western Md which was created in a new form in 2015.

By comparison, here is the 2^nd Guards Army of the Central MD

One level of arrangement below:

• 3^rd MRD
• 21^st MR Brigade of the two^nd Army (Southern MD)
• 37^thursday MR Brigade of the 36^thursday Army of Eastern MD
• Ane level lower: 752^nd MRR of the iii^rd MRD (as of 2016)

Past comparison, a tank division, brigade, and regiment, whose organizational structures are known

• 4^th Guards TD from the 1^st Tank Ground forces (Western MD)
• 5^th Divide Guards Tank Brigade from 36^th Regular army, Eastern Medico
• 12^th TR from the iv^th TD of the 1^st Tank Army

Specifics and Evolution Prospects

Russian Ground forces are currently in the midst of determining the most optimal and universal structure. Hence the reason why Russian armed services does not have standardized organizational construction and maintains not only brigades simply as well regiments and divisions. MR brigades likewise differ from one some other. Russia's Ground forces include armies which may have just a single MR brigade (29^th Regular army in Eastern Doctor) without back up units. This is due to the specific missions of the armies. At the same time, in the eastern management, segmentation level formations are besides formed for key spots. And then, at the end of 2018, the 127th motorized rifle partition (5^th Army in Eastern MD) was re-established on the footing of the 59th and, partially, 60th motorized rifle brigades. Ane must concentrated daze- and fire-power inherent to divisions on the western direction to counter NATO forces. In the southern and eastern directions, the master enemy are terrorist organizations and the main threat is the devastation of political regimes of countries neighboring Russian federation and the spread of civil war. Hither brigades or battalion tactical groups are more user-friendly, since they can conduct autonomous operations confronting mobile terrorist or insurgent formations. Widespread formation of battalion tactical groups was the situational manner out for the Russian military. Put that way, up to 136 battalion tactical groups, staffed with contract soldiers, were formed at the beginning of 2019.

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It's also worth noting Russian military now fully realize the importance of reconnaissance, electronic warfare, and sniping on the modern battleground. MR and tank brigades, regiments, and divisions at present have sniper companies, EW and drone units.

Concerning differences between United states and Russian armies, the Russian military does not have a concept of a modular support brigade. Artillery and reconnaissance brigades' functions are peUnified Combatant Commands (UCC) nether the rformed past units which are part of private brigades (rocket arms battalions or batteries, UAV companies). Frontal aviation units operate independently or are fastened as needed past higher HQs.

Conclusions

Having considered the main aspects of land forces organization for the United States and Russia, 1 may discern a deviation in approach due to varying assessments of threats, and to whether operations volition be conducted on afar theaters or one's own soil. There are also different approaches in assessing whether to rank potential threats as critical, vital, or important to state interests. Economic, technological, and organizational potential likewise plays a role.

The US Army is standing to reorganize its BCTs. The aim is to improve their combat ability through revising organizational construction and rearmament in order to encounter battlefield demands. There is a trend to depart from a rigid classification of types of combat operations in favor of giving commanders the ability to act on the basis of own initiative in response to physical tasks and conditions.

Brigade is the foundation for the brigade task force capable of accomplishing a wide range of missions afterwards sufficient reinforcement, in both offensive and defensive operations as well as stabilization and help missions. According to senior US Army officers, further BCT development will depend on the spectrum of tasks they have to perform, battlefield conditions, and methods of waging warfare.

At higher levels, the United States armed services operates Unified Combatant Commands (UCC) under the DoD, consisting of at least two armed forces departments with broad and continuing missions. These commands ensure constructive management of military machine formations irrespective of the co-operative of service during both peace and war. They are organized on "expanse of responsibility" (AOR) geographic principle or a functional one, for example special operations or logistics. The  term AOR is used by the commands to establish regions with specific geographic boundaries where they may plan and comport operations.

Soldiers of the U.S. Army 3rd squadron, 2d Cavalry Regiment equally the troops of the "Dragoon Ride" military exercise get in at their dwelling base of operations at Rose Barracks in Vilseck April one, 2015. © Michael Dalder © Reuters

In Russian federation'due south example, war machine leaders decided to abandon brigades every bit the basic cake of combined arms formations on the nigh of import strategic directions. This was due to the business about the increase in NATO forces and their deployment on Russian federation's western borders. Thus the Western Dr. is going dorsum to armies consisting of divisions and regiments rather than brigades, which is more useful in both defense force and criminal offence. In addition, Ground Forces are creating large tank-heavy formations. Western MD already has ane. In the foreseeable future, one may expect the Central Medico to likewise get a tank army, since the 90^th Tank Division is not part of whatever army. Information technology is also likely Eastern MD formations volition retain electric current structure. Brigades at that place are the best solution for a country in difficult economic and demographic conditions.

A few words should be said well-nigh the military administration of Russian federation's territory. There is active give-and-take of a render to the Soviet military district model, due to the difficulties in command and control when the district HQ is 1000km away from the district boundary. The reinvented military district would too be responsible for all types of forces needed to fulfill its missions. Thus the Western MD may exist divided into Petrograd and Moscow MDs, Central Doctor into Vola-Urals and Siberian MDs. It's difficult to say how Eastern MD might be divided, and the Southern Dr. volition likely be preserved in its current class, which means splitting higher command echelons (district level) and increasing germination size (from brigades to divisions and regiments).

Nosotros may thus draw the conclusion that the master deviation in the approach between U.s.a. and Russian land forces is that, first of all, the Russian Army are intended to defend the territorial integrity and inviolability of the nation's ain territory, and secondly, to react to the apply of force by competitor powers in 3rd countries when it poses a significant threat to Russia's vital interests.

In the meantime, further United states of america Ground forces development volition focus on rapid deployability to whatever part of the planet, concurrently with the overwhelming expansion of its ain potential to defend Us or allied interests. Information technology is therefore relatively clear that the United states volition continue to develop the doctrine of offensive operations every bit office of its pursuit of global rule. The Russia, in turn, will concentrated on defense force and reaction to the actions of potential rivals.

MORE ON THE TOPIC:

• Pivotal Changes In Russian Armed Forces
• US Military machine Doctrine: Nuclear Weapons, Cyber Attacks, Fifth Columns
• Vectors Of Development Of Russian Military Strategy In Current Conditions

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